Native American And African Slaves - 1731 Words

As the Native American population had been decimated by genocide and war, England looked to African slaves to provide them with the necessary labor to harvest tobacco. Although African slaves had the same status as that of an indentured servant, African slaves began to become more and more restricted, losing all human and civil rights. These restrictions were placed on African slaves to protect the rights of the indentured Englishmen, and developed a social/political system based of segregation and discrimination, ultimately leading to the modern ideology of the world, racism. Native Americans were not spared from the stupidity of racial superiority, and like Africans, were forced into slavery. Native American slavery though predominately in the Spanish colonies was used in North America. Though unlike the Mesoamerican slaves, the North American slaves were also the slavers. The colonists of North America lured Native Americans to capture other Native Americans in exchange for trade goods and alliances, forcing Native Americans to choose between being the slaver or the slaved, much like some African tribes. In South America, the Spaniards enticed nearly 100,000 under false promises of riches, and instead enslaved them, forcing them to harvest guano (bird excrements), an export from Peru that had a value of fifteen billion dollars. As slavery spread throughout the New World, much of the African, Chinese, and indigenous culture began to mix together, resulting in a uniqueShow MoreRelatedThe African American Slave Influence On The Beginnings Of American Culture And Native Americans Essay1948 Words   |  8 PagesThe African American slave influence in the beginnings of American culture and technology and Native Americans of the North American Continent were significant in creating America. By revealing the different ways this achieved, we can see the work and techniques that drove the new country and how this created by the political, as well as ideological ramif ications of their labors. With all of these contributions to the new country of the United States, we see that the formation of the world powerRead MoreThe Longstanding Institution of Slavery in the United States Essay670 Words   |  3 Pagesthe natives, but they resisted and were usually successful in escaping. Furthermore, with the decline of indentured servants, the Europeans looked elsewhere for laborers. It is then, within the British colonies, do the colonists turn to the enslavement of Africans. Although Native Americans were readily available and were initially numerous, Africans became the primary slave used in the colonies because the Native American slaves could not fill the colonists labor needs, while the Africans did. Read MoreNative Americans And The New World1261 Words   |  6 PagesBritish, faced many problems with the Native Americans and struggled with ways to coerce them into performing laborious tasks. Labor played a huge role in the New World, it served as income, means needed to survive and really make it in the new colony. Originally, Native Americans who had become trapped performed labor as well as indentured servants who were looking for a passage to the New World, but simply could not afford it. Fundamentally, Native Americans believed the Europeans came in peaceRead MoreEssay on Social Construction of Race1342 Words   |  6 Pagesthe English or whites from the nonwhites. Europeans, Indigenous People, and Africans were all racialized and victimized due to various reasons. Both the Europeans and Indigenous People were treated differently than African American slaves since they had slightly more freedom and rights, but in many ways they are also treated the same. The social construction of race between the Europeans, Indigenous People, and Africans led to the establishment of how one group is different from the other. EuropeansRead MoreThe Individual Rights Of People From 1700-18001098 Words   |  5 Pagesnot always seen as human, such as African Americans, women, and Native Americans. During this period of time, African Americans were not considered human because of their racial background and the color of their skin, and therefore were not given the same rights as white men. Most African Americans came to America to be traded as slaves, considering they were eventually cheaper than white indentured servants and easier to control than Native Americans. Many slaves, unhappy with their lives, wouldRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States Of America951 Words   |  4 Pages Land, labor and capital become important when economically developing a country. In the attempt to develop America, African Americans and minorities have suffered greatly in finding their identity within their history and equality among those who have discovered their individualities. Slaves were usually Africans who were forced into North and South America. Slaves were built into the constitution and then creating the history of the United States of America. For example, there are three main clausesRead MoreNative Americans And The American Colonial Societies899 Words   |  4 PagesNative Americans, English, Africans and other European settlers went through adversity in their plight in trying to establish their own identity in North American Colonial societies. Trade and land were two major components in the fight for power. The Native Americans and the settlers had turmoil; their biggest conflicts were deciding how to delegate land and control trade. New France wanted to take the fur trade away from the Iroquois Confederacy. The Native Americans valued the fur trade becauseRead MoreThe Impacts Of African Americans And Native Americans921 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout the 1550’s to the 1850’s the African Americans and Native Americans being enslaved was very catastrophic but greatly benefitted the Europeans. In some ways however the effects of it were good for the African Americans, in such a way that it brought the race together and eventually made people realize that they are the same as everybody else. Same for the Europeans, although at that time it benefitted most of them, the effects could also be very bad, in a way that it brought the civilRead MoreNative Americans During European Settlements With Massive Immigration1493 Words   |  6 Pagesin the Americas. The Native Americans initially provided the labor for the production of goods in the southern colonies. But, with constant evolving trade and the introduction of new products, the labor demand remained unmet. In order to fulfill the labor requirement, the migrants from Europe and England were provided more economic independence, than compared to their native la nd, after the completion of service. On the other hand, in exchange for goods, Africa provided slave labor. These factorsRead MoreDifferent Cultures Of The Colonial South968 Words   |  4 Pagesand cultures. Three distinct cultures influenced and shaped the environment in North America. The three cultures that intermingled had long term effects on one another. The Europeans looking for a better land, they clashed with the Native Americas and they enslaved Africans. In the late sixteenth century England was in a social crisis. The economic growth was unable to keep up with the needs of the population. By the end of the seventeenth century more than half of the population was living below

Native American And African Slaves - 1731 Words

As the Native American population had been decimated by genocide and war, England looked to African slaves to provide them with the necessary labor to harvest tobacco. Although African slaves had the same status as that of an indentured servant, African slaves began to become more and more restricted, losing all human and civil rights. These restrictions were placed on African slaves to protect the rights of the indentured Englishmen, and developed a social/political system based of segregation and discrimination, ultimately leading to the modern ideology of the world, racism. Native Americans were not spared from the stupidity of racial superiority, and like Africans, were forced into slavery. Native American slavery though predominately in the Spanish colonies was used in North America. Though unlike the Mesoamerican slaves, the North American slaves were also the slavers. The colonists of North America lured Native Americans to capture other Native Americans in exchange for trade goods and alliances, forcing Native Americans to choose between being the slaver or the slaved, much like some African tribes. In South America, the Spaniards enticed nearly 100,000 under false promises of riches, and instead enslaved them, forcing them to harvest guano (bird excrements), an export from Peru that had a value of fifteen billion dollars. As slavery spread throughout the New World, much of the African, Chinese, and indigenous culture began to mix together, resulting in a uniqueShow MoreRelatedThe African American Slave Influence On The Beginnings Of American Culture And Native Americans Essay1948 Words   |  8 PagesThe African American slave influence in the beginnings of American culture and technology and Native Americans of the North American Continent were significant in creating America. By revealing the different ways this achieved, we can see the work and techniques that drove the new country and how this created by the political, as well as ideological ramif ications of their labors. With all of these contributions to the new country of the United States, we see that the formation of the world powerRead MoreThe Longstanding Institution of Slavery in the United States Essay670 Words   |  3 Pagesthe natives, but they resisted and were usually successful in escaping. Furthermore, with the decline of indentured servants, the Europeans looked elsewhere for laborers. It is then, within the British colonies, do the colonists turn to the enslavement of Africans. Although Native Americans were readily available and were initially numerous, Africans became the primary slave used in the colonies because the Native American slaves could not fill the colonists labor needs, while the Africans did. Read MoreNative Americans And The New World1261 Words   |  6 PagesBritish, faced many problems with the Native Americans and struggled with ways to coerce them into performing laborious tasks. Labor played a huge role in the New World, it served as income, means needed to survive and really make it in the new colony. Originally, Native Americans who had become trapped performed labor as well as indentured servants who were looking for a passage to the New World, but simply could not afford it. Fundamentally, Native Americans believed the Europeans came in peaceRead MoreEssay on Social Construction of Race1342 Words   |  6 Pagesthe English or whites from the nonwhites. Europeans, Indigenous People, and Africans were all racialized and victimized due to various reasons. Both the Europeans and Indigenous People were treated differently than African American slaves since they had slightly more freedom and rights, but in many ways they are also treated the same. The social construction of race between the Europeans, Indigenous People, and Africans led to the establishment of how one group is different from the other. EuropeansRead MoreThe Individual Rights Of People From 1700-18001098 Words   |  5 Pagesnot always seen as human, such as African Americans, women, and Native Americans. During this period of time, African Americans were not considered human because of their racial background and the color of their skin, and therefore were not given the same rights as white men. Most African Americans came to America to be traded as slaves, considering they were eventually cheaper than white indentured servants and easier to control than Native Americans. Many slaves, unhappy with their lives, wouldRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States Of America951 Words   |  4 Pages Land, labor and capital become important when economically developing a country. In the attempt to develop America, African Americans and minorities have suffered greatly in finding their identity within their history and equality among those who have discovered their individualities. Slaves were usually Africans who were forced into North and South America. Slaves were built into the constitution and then creating the history of the United States of America. For example, there are three main clausesRead MoreNative Americans And The American Colonial Societies899 Words   |  4 PagesNative Americans, English, Africans and other European settlers went through adversity in their plight in trying to establish their own identity in North American Colonial societies. Trade and land were two major components in the fight for power. The Native Americans and the settlers had turmoil; their biggest conflicts were deciding how to delegate land and control trade. New France wanted to take the fur trade away from the Iroquois Confederacy. The Native Americans valued the fur trade becauseRead MoreThe Impacts Of African Americans And Native Americans921 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout the 1550’s to the 1850’s the African Americans and Native Americans being enslaved was very catastrophic but greatly benefitted the Europeans. In some ways however the effects of it were good for the African Americans, in such a way that it brought the race together and eventually made people realize that they are the same as everybody else. Same for the Europeans, although at that time it benefitted most of them, the effects could also be very bad, in a way that it brought the civilRead MoreNative Americans During European Settlements With Massive Immigration1493 Words   |  6 Pagesin the Americas. The Native Americans initially provided the labor for the production of goods in the southern colonies. But, with constant evolving trade and the introduction of new products, the labor demand remained unmet. In order to fulfill the labor requirement, the migrants from Europe and England were provided more economic independence, than compared to their native la nd, after the completion of service. On the other hand, in exchange for goods, Africa provided slave labor. These factorsRead MoreDifferent Cultures Of The Colonial South968 Words   |  4 Pagesand cultures. Three distinct cultures influenced and shaped the environment in North America. The three cultures that intermingled had long term effects on one another. The Europeans looking for a better land, they clashed with the Native Americas and they enslaved Africans. In the late sixteenth century England was in a social crisis. The economic growth was unable to keep up with the needs of the population. By the end of the seventeenth century more than half of the population was living below

Native American And African Slaves - 1731 Words

As the Native American population had been decimated by genocide and war, England looked to African slaves to provide them with the necessary labor to harvest tobacco. Although African slaves had the same status as that of an indentured servant, African slaves began to become more and more restricted, losing all human and civil rights. These restrictions were placed on African slaves to protect the rights of the indentured Englishmen, and developed a social/political system based of segregation and discrimination, ultimately leading to the modern ideology of the world, racism. Native Americans were not spared from the stupidity of racial superiority, and like Africans, were forced into slavery. Native American slavery though predominately in the Spanish colonies was used in North America. Though unlike the Mesoamerican slaves, the North American slaves were also the slavers. The colonists of North America lured Native Americans to capture other Native Americans in exchange for trade goods and alliances, forcing Native Americans to choose between being the slaver or the slaved, much like some African tribes. In South America, the Spaniards enticed nearly 100,000 under false promises of riches, and instead enslaved them, forcing them to harvest guano (bird excrements), an export from Peru that had a value of fifteen billion dollars. As slavery spread throughout the New World, much of the African, Chinese, and indigenous culture began to mix together, resulting in a uniqueShow MoreRelatedThe African American Slave Influence On The Beginnings Of American Culture And Native Americans Essay1948 Words   |  8 PagesThe African American slave influence in the beginnings of American culture and technology and Native Americans of the North American Continent were significant in creating America. By revealing the different ways this achieved, we can see the work and techniques that drove the new country and how this created by the political, as well as ideological ramif ications of their labors. With all of these contributions to the new country of the United States, we see that the formation of the world powerRead MoreThe Longstanding Institution of Slavery in the United States Essay670 Words   |  3 Pagesthe natives, but they resisted and were usually successful in escaping. Furthermore, with the decline of indentured servants, the Europeans looked elsewhere for laborers. It is then, within the British colonies, do the colonists turn to the enslavement of Africans. Although Native Americans were readily available and were initially numerous, Africans became the primary slave used in the colonies because the Native American slaves could not fill the colonists labor needs, while the Africans did. Read MoreNative Americans And The New World1261 Words   |  6 PagesBritish, faced many problems with the Native Americans and struggled with ways to coerce them into performing laborious tasks. Labor played a huge role in the New World, it served as income, means needed to survive and really make it in the new colony. Originally, Native Americans who had become trapped performed labor as well as indentured servants who were looking for a passage to the New World, but simply could not afford it. Fundamentally, Native Americans believed the Europeans came in peaceRead MoreEssay on Social Construction of Race1342 Words   |  6 Pagesthe English or whites from the nonwhites. Europeans, Indigenous People, and Africans were all racialized and victimized due to various reasons. Both the Europeans and Indigenous People were treated differently than African American slaves since they had slightly more freedom and rights, but in many ways they are also treated the same. The social construction of race between the Europeans, Indigenous People, and Africans led to the establishment of how one group is different from the other. EuropeansRead MoreThe Individual Rights Of People From 1700-18001098 Words   |  5 Pagesnot always seen as human, such as African Americans, women, and Native Americans. During this period of time, African Americans were not considered human because of their racial background and the color of their skin, and therefore were not given the same rights as white men. Most African Americans came to America to be traded as slaves, considering they were eventually cheaper than white indentured servants and easier to control than Native Americans. Many slaves, unhappy with their lives, wouldRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States Of America951 Words   |  4 Pages Land, labor and capital become important when economically developing a country. In the attempt to develop America, African Americans and minorities have suffered greatly in finding their identity within their history and equality among those who have discovered their individualities. Slaves were usually Africans who were forced into North and South America. Slaves were built into the constitution and then creating the history of the United States of America. For example, there are three main clausesRead MoreNative Americans And The American Colonial Societies899 Words   |  4 PagesNative Americans, English, Africans and other European settlers went through adversity in their plight in trying to establish their own identity in North American Colonial societies. Trade and land were two major components in the fight for power. The Native Americans and the settlers had turmoil; their biggest conflicts were deciding how to delegate land and control trade. New France wanted to take the fur trade away from the Iroquois Confederacy. The Native Americans valued the fur trade becauseRead MoreThe Impacts Of African Americans And Native Americans921 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout the 1550’s to the 1850’s the African Americans and Native Americans being enslaved was very catastrophic but greatly benefitted the Europeans. In some ways however the effects of it were good for the African Americans, in such a way that it brought the race together and eventually made people realize that they are the same as everybody else. Same for the Europeans, although at that time it benefitted most of them, the effects could also be very bad, in a way that it brought the civilRead MoreNative Americans During European Settlements With Massive Immigration1493 Words   |  6 Pagesin the Americas. The Native Americans initially provided the labor for the production of goods in the southern colonies. But, with constant evolving trade and the introduction of new products, the labor demand remained unmet. In order to fulfill the labor requirement, the migrants from Europe and England were provided more economic independence, than compared to their native la nd, after the completion of service. On the other hand, in exchange for goods, Africa provided slave labor. These factorsRead MoreDifferent Cultures Of The Colonial South968 Words   |  4 Pagesand cultures. Three distinct cultures influenced and shaped the environment in North America. The three cultures that intermingled had long term effects on one another. The Europeans looking for a better land, they clashed with the Native Americas and they enslaved Africans. In the late sixteenth century England was in a social crisis. The economic growth was unable to keep up with the needs of the population. By the end of the seventeenth century more than half of the population was living below

What You Must Know About Research Report Template High School

What You Must Know About Research Report Template High School All About Research Report Template High School Some of the greatest research paper introduction samples consist of primary resources supporting the argument or research of the issue. Whether there are any main limitations of your work, you are able to also mention this in brief within the introduction. More so, it may also be a document that includes the outcome of the research being executed. Known fact which are not as an upcoming class! That means you can organize your essay to show your point. At length, you can grade on a mix of both criteria. A IQ test also doesn't measure emotional stability, awareness, or a variety of other crucial things. The Basics of Research Report Template High School With these hints, you can proceed and produce a good output. Moreover, available web templates are usually available with professional-looking graphics, and therefore you don't need to fret about aesthetics. Commercially available templates are often found in wide range of fashions, colours, and function. Use a template for a guide. The family that used to reside in the city will discover that they definitely will need to do research before purchasing real estate in the nation for a price which is too great to trust. Most people began to ignore that right away since they felt as though it was only making more work for themselves. Successful people are inclined to be organized and eager to have things done correctly the very first moment. There will be several distinct varieties of progress reports throughout the life cycle of the undertaking. What Everybody Dislikes About Research Report Template High School and Why What's a research paper. As stated above, a research report may be used in a great deal of processes and functions. Research papers must be similarly organized clearly. How to compose a research paper. Conclusions are extremely necessary whilst dealing with these kinds of activities. Issues and Risks List the problems that have arisen over the plan of the project up to now. Methods as well as compose your. Understanding Research Report Template High School It would most likely be impossible to read and understand. A flyer is an inexpensive and extremely effective means to grab attention in a really busy marketplace. For those who haven't memorized your social security number (SSN) by this time, you will within the very first day or two of in-processing. From time to time, large quantities of soldiers are robbed of their private information all at one time. Although the thesis statement is not quite an easy issue to do our article will demonstrate how to compose the very best thesis immediately. Each portion of the investigation report comprises particular information written based on the rules of academic report writing. It makes writing a ton simpler and is a required p ortion of the process. There are only a few things I would quibble with in relation to the facts. All three have the identical meaning. All the words will make sense in the sentences, or so the class should choose which answer they feel is the very best. Based on the age, you are able to have the child answer in complete sentences or simply a few lines. Their hearing is fine and they don't have motor skills which are affecting their speech. The Little-Known Secrets to Research Report Template High School The results and discussion part of your research paper should incorporate the next. You only ought to mention those sources that relate to your precise theme of research. For instance, you might set a particular number of required sources in the rubric. Identified a couple of beneficial sources in a couple of formats. When you're writing your research paper's introduction, you ought to be building it around a particular outline that gives a general review of the paper. Any great essay should start out with a clearly written thesis statement. All research essays have to be documented high certain ways in school to prevent plagiarism. To provide the reader writing to consider. Research Report Template High School Secrets School will probably be a low scoring. Usually, it's part of the academic requirements of students. Him to families throughout the center it requires students are typical core of paper. The high school students that are good in their academics but cannot afford to keep on studying further may benefit from scholarship programs.

Performance Management for Managerial - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about thePerformance Management for Managerial and Behavioral. Answer: Introduction The performance management of the employees helps in implementing initiatives and managing the development of the workforce based on different strategies adopted by the organization. These activities have been undertaken by the upper management that is present within the organization, which helps in measuring the effectiveness of the employees that are present in the company. The management takes in to considerations the factors such as appraisals that helps them in understanding the performance of the employees and provides appropriate training and development to the. The main aim of performance management is that it helps the organization in achieving the long-term goals and objectives that have been formulated by the organization. This process helps in aligning the employees towards the goals and objectives of the organization so that they can perform in a better manner (Buckingham and Goodall 2015). The training that is provided to the employees for managing the performance of the employees helps in assessing and coaching the employees so that their effectiveness within the organization can be improved. This helps in increasing the level of competency of the managers, as the training process of the employees helps them in performing at a better rate at different stages within the organization (DeNisi and Smith 2014). Claim of the authors The authors Haines and Onge (2012) are of the view that the feedback of the employees in managing their performance in a better manner, as it helps in reviewing the employees. The feedback needs to be provided by the subordinates and the peer groups along with the superiors to the management so that the performance of the employees can be judged in an appropriate manner. The authors are also of the view that recognition of the employees helps in reinforcing the capacity to alter the behavior of the employees so that they can improve their performance within the organization. Rewards act as an important tool for motivation where some certain behaviors of the employees are considered as positive that helps them in earning rewards, while the behaviors that may prove detrimental for the organization are eliminated by the management. The identification of the behaviors will help the management in providing better training to the employees so that they can improve their performance within the organization in an efficient manner. The culture that exists within the organization is directly related to the management of the performance of the employees, as the focus is mainly oriented towards the people. The relationship among the employees helps in fostering better growth in between the leaders and the subordinates within the organization. It helps the organization in successfully developing the quality of the relationship between the leader and the employees. This helps in managing the performance of the employees in an effective manner. The analysis at the organizational level helps in establishing the relationship between the management and the employees in a better manner, which helps in improving the relationships between them (De Waal 2013). The authors Biron, Farndale and Paauwe (2011) are of the view that performance management acts as a tactical and strategical tool within the organization. The strategic goals are designed in a way that helps the upper management in achieving the objectives of the business organization. The goals of the employees need to be linked with the goals of the organization so that performance management can help in improving the process of work of the employees in a consistent manner. The employees need to have a clear understanding about the goals of the organization so that they can exhibit the behaviors, which will help in contributing potentially towards the goals of the organization. The authors have also opined that the tactical goals will help in designing the informations that are related to the decisions of the HR. The decisions of the HR may include the adjustments in the salary along with the promotions that the capable employees need. The recruitment, retention and the termination of the employees are all decided by the human resources department. This department needs to spread awareness among the employees up on which the rewards are based, so that the employees can understand it and work towards it for achieving the rewards. This helps the managers in providing better coaching techniques to the employees based on the strengths and weaknesses, which may improve or damage the level of productivity of the employees. Advantages and disadvantages The advantages of the performance management is that it helps in ensuring that the employees can understand the objectives and goals of the organization and can contribute in a better way towards achieving it. It has a positive impact on the loyalty of the employees and the satisfaction that they get from the job that is being carried out within the organization. It is done by providing better feedbacks about the job to the employees by the management, which helps in establishing a better linkage between the compensation that they receive with respect to the performance of the employees within the organization. The employees also have an opportunity to maximize their growth within the organization (Mone and London 2014). The advantage that the organization receives is that it helps them in retaining the employees, which helps in building up of the loyalty among the employees. The employees become more productive within the organization, which helps in reducing the communication barriers that the organization may have. The benefit of the managers is that it helps them in saving time, as the conflicts among the employees are decreased to a great extent. It also helps in ensuring consistency and efficiency of the employees based on their performances. The employees also get benefitted, as it provides them with the opportunity of assessing themselves, which helps in improving their performance within the organization. The employees are also able to choose a better path in their carrier, which will lead to satisfaction with respect to the job (Reiche, Mendenhall and Stahl 2016). However, there are certain disadvantages as well such as the employees may be ready to quit their job based on the results. It is seen that if the process of rating the performance is not fair, it may lead to the quitting of the organization by the employees. The employees may not withdraw from the organization in a physical way but in a psychological manner they can minimize their efforts within the organization. If the information that is provided to the employees is misleading and false, then it might lead to the degradation of the performance of the employees. This will also result in the lowering of the self esteem of the employees, which may result in a negative contribution towards the organization by the employees (Mone and London 2014)). Another disadvantage for the organization is that it results in loss of money and a lot of time while trying to evaluate the performance if the rating system of the employees is designed in a poor state. This will lead to the unethical methods of reviewing the employee performance, which may lead to dissatisfaction of the job by the employees within the organization (Reiche, Mendenhall and Stahl 2016). Approaches used The approaches that are taken by the authors Biron, Farndale and Paauwe is that they observed 16 organizations and collected the responses of 153 HR personnel along with 95 non-HR personnel. The 16 organizations are based in more than 19 countries, which helped the authors in conducting the research. The findings after studying the organizations was that the extent to which the upper management of the organizations were involved in managing the performance of the employees. It can be derived that the involvement of the upper management is present in some aspects when the performance is reviewed of the employees. The issues of the employees can be identified in a better way by the managers, as they spend most of their time with them, which can be communicated to the senior management in a better way. This allows the senior management in the decision-making process with respect to the employee performance. The method that has been used by Haines and Onge is that they distributed the questionnaire in different organizations and the responses have been collected from more than 200 employees that are based in Quebec, Canada. The interview was conducted over the phone, as it was impossible in interviewing the employees of the organizations. The analysis of the responses suggested that there is a positive and strong relationship between the effectiveness of the employees and the training that they receive within the organization, which helps them in increasing their level of performance. The regression analysis that was conducted by the authors showed that the effectiveness of the performance management and the multisource feedback within the organization does not have any significance between them. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that the authors of both of the journal articles have taken up different point of views, which has helped in understanding the performance management in a better manner. It can be seen that the organization plays important role in reviewing the performance of the employees so that they get motivated and increase their level of productivity within the organization. The organization needs to have a fair system of reviewing the employees so that the can be communicated with the shortcomings, which will help in exhibiting different attitudes and behavior, which may improve the performance of the employees. Reference List Biron, M., Farndale, E. and Paauwe, J., 2011. Performance management effectiveness: lessons from world-leading firms.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,22(06), pp.1294-1311. Buckingham, M. and Goodall, A., 2015. Reinventing performance management.Harvard Business Review,93(4), pp.40-50. De Waal, A., 2013.Strategic Performance Management: A managerial and behavioral approach. Palgrave Macmillan. DeNisi, A. and Smith, C.E., 2014. Performance appraisal, performance management, and firm-level performance: a review, a proposed model, and new directions for future research.Academy of Management Annals,8(1), pp.127-179. Haines III, V.Y. and St-Onge, S., 2012. Performance management effectiveness: practices or context?.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,23(6), pp.1158-1175. Mone, E.M. and London, M., 2014.Employee engagement through effective performance management: A practical guide for managers. Routledge. Reiche, B.S., Mendenhall, M.E. and Stahl, G.K. eds., 2016.Readings and cases in international human resource management. Taylor Francis.

Solitary Happiness Flow free essay sample

Thesis: In all aspects of the areas of social and solitary happiness the goal is to sort out happiness. Being self sufficient should never to be confused with a friendless atmosphere, and social will require an audience for accomplishing something good. There are two exclusions to achieving happiness through solitary commitment and social dedication. The boundaries of both should be kept in moderation mode. Happiness is obtained, through deep thought, and hard work sorting out what one wants out of life. Some solitary, social happiness can be risky to the mental state of being if not used with self control and balance. Introduction: The authentic analogy of the two types of happiness, social, solitary from different aspects. Each of these is selected depending on the comfort zone, emotion, and the rapture of pleasures one receive while searching for happiness. Happiness is a mental state of well-being which is focused on people, things, and behaviors that will inspire one in a positive way. We will write a custom essay sample on Solitary Happiness Flow or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Living ones entire life searching for this magical sensation only to realize there is never satisfaction from finding it. The premise of both theories is one works and the other works according to which you chose to obtain it from. Outline: A. The first form of happiness is solitary and the effects on an individual experiencing solitary confinement with their own commitment to happiness. 1. The danger in solitary happiness 2. Being in control of your time, and making your happiness the center point. 3. Having solitude in the comfort ability of one’s own company. B. Finding happiness with people, and sharing life experiences in a social environment. 1. The thermostat of happiness regulated in society. 2. Relationships between two people. 3. Choosing what kind of happiness that will satisfy your yearning. Conclusion: The social and the solitary is both evenly needed to reach the ultimate altitude of successfully experiencing happiness. Without a balance between the two how could your goals of happiness be fully knowledgeable. The emotions become a condition that is accustomed to opportunities to initiate a happy feeling. The triggers are enlightened by a warm feeling of a particular need to want more of the sensation only to find a bottomless pit. Most will spend a lifetime of pursuing a goal of finding happiness forcing the desire of wanting more. Once the urge is in overdrive there is a constant need of needing to find more happiness on a higher level. The addictive behavior will put the state of mind in a risky precarious way of thinking about how much happiness is enough. There are statistics that many prefer to be entirely alone to experience happiness. The balance of solitary, and social happiness must be done in moderation evenly distribute. Happiness isn’t found in people, material things, it’s found within your heart. Happiness is not hard to find only if you look within yourself it was there all the time.

Definitions and Examples of Rhetors

Definitions and Examples of Rhetors Definition In the broadest sense of the term, a rhetor is a  public speaker or writer. According to Jeffrey Arthurs, in the  classical rhetoric  of ancient Athens,  the term rhetor had the technical denotation of a professional orator/politician/advocate, one who actively participated in the affairs of state and court (Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 1994). In some contexts, a  rhetor was roughly equivalent to what we would call an attorney or a lawyer.   In addition, the term rhetor is sometimes used interchangeably with rhetorician to refer to a teacher of rhetoric  or a person skilled in the art of rhetoric.  Rhetor  has fallen out of popular usage and is generally used in more formal or academic language in the modern world. However, the rhetors art is still taught as part of many educational and professional courses of study, particularly for persuasive professions such as politics, law, and social activism. See Examples and Observations below. Also see: Classical RhetoricComposition StudiesEloquenceEthosOratorRhetorical SituationRhetoric and RhetoricianSophistVoice (Rhetoric)What Is Rhetoric? Etymology From the Greek, orator The word  rhetor  has the same roots as the related term  rhetoric,  which refers to the art of using language to have an effect (usually persuasive) on audiences. Although it is used more often in the context of spoken language, rhetoric can also be written.  Rhetor  derives from  rhesis, the ancient Greek word for speech, and  rhema, which specifically defined that which is spoken. Examples and Observations Since [Martin Luther] King was the ideal rhetor at a critical moment to pen the Letter [from Birmingham Jail], it transcends the Birmingham of 1963 to speak to the nation as a whole and to continue speaking to us, 40 years later.(Martha Watson, The Issue Is Justice. Rhetoric and Public Affairs, Spring 2004)The Sophist as Rhetor-  How next can we define the rhetor? Essentially, he is a man skilled in the art of rhetoric: and as such he may impart this skill to others, or exercise it in the Assembly or the law courts. It is of course the first of these alternatives that interests us here; for . . . the sophist qualifies for the title of rhetor in this sense should one choose to describe him in purely functional terms.(E.L. Harrison, Was Gorgias a Sophist? Phoenix, Autumn 1964)The Aristotelian Rhetor vs. the Neo-Aristotelian RhetorEdward Cope recognized the cooperative nature of rhetorical argument in his classic commentary on Aristotle, noting that the rhetor is dependent upon the au dience, for in ordinary cases he can only assume such principles and sentiments in conducting his argument as he knows will be acceptable to them, or which they are prepared to admit. . . .Unfortunately, under the influence of the nominalistic individualism of the Enlightenment, the neo-Aristotelian left behind the community framework inherent in the Greek tradition to focus on the rhetors ability to work his will. This rhetor-centered approach led to such oxymorons as considering a community destroyer like Hitler to be a good rhetor. Whatever accomplished the rhetors purpose was taken to be good rhetoric, regardless of its consequences for the ecosystem as a whole. . . . [T]his rhetor-centered approach blinded itself to the value implications of reducing the criteria of rhetorical practice to mere effectiveness in achieving the rhetors purpose. If pedagogy follows this idea of competence, then the neo-Aristotelian teaches that whatever works is good rhetoric.(James A. Mackin, Jr., Community Over Chaos: An Ecological Perspective on Communication Ethics. University  of Alabama Press, 1997) The Role of the Rhetor in the Humanist Paradigm of RhetoricThe humanist paradigm is based on a reading of classical texts, especially those of Aristotle and Cicero, and its governing feature is the positioning of the rhetor as the generating center of discourse and its constitutive power. The rhetor is seen (ideally) as the conscious and deliberating agent who chooses and in choosing discloses the capacity for prudence and who invents discourse that displays an ingenium and who all along observes the norms of timeliness (kairos), appropriateness (to prepon), and decorum that testify to a mastery of sensus communis. Within such a paradigm, while one does recognize the situational constraints, they are, in the last instance, so many items in the rhetors design. The agency of rhetoric is always reducible to the conscious and strategic thinking of the rhetor.(Dilip Parameshwar Gaonkar, The Idea of Rhetoric in the Rhetoric of Science. Rhetorical Hermeneutics: Invention and Interpretation in the Age of Science, ed. by Alan G. Gross and William M. Keith. State University of New York Press, 1997) Emerson on the Power of EloquenceHim only we call an artist, who should play on an assembly of men as a master on the keys of a piano; who, seeing the people furious, shall soften and compose them; should draw them, when he would, to laughter and to tears. Bring him to his audience, and, be they who they may- coarse or refined, pleased or displeased, sulky or savage, with their opinions in the keeping of a confessor or with their opinions in their bank safes- he will have them pleased and humoured as he chooses; and they shall carry and execute that which he bids them.(Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Conduct of Life: Fate, December  22, 1851) Pronunciation: RE-tor

Biography of Jack Kilby, Inventor of the Microchip

Biography of Jack Kilby, Inventor of the Microchip Electrical engineer Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit, also known as the microchip. A microchip  is a set of interconnected electronic components such as transistors and resistors that are etched or imprinted onto a tiny chip of a semiconducting material, such as silicon or germanium. The microchip shrunk the size and cost of making electronics and impacted the future designs of all computers and other electronics. The first successful demonstration of the microchip was on September 12, 1958. The Life of Jack Kilby Jack Kilby was born on November 8 1923 in Jefferson City, Missouri.  Kilby was raised in Great Bend, Kansas. He earned a B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Illinois and a M.S. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Wisconsin. In 1947, he began working for Globe Union of Milwaukee, where he designed ceramic silk-screen circuits for electronic devices. In 1958, Jack Kilby began working for Texas Instruments of Dallas, where he invented the microchip. Kilby died on June 20, 2005 in Dallas, Texas. Jack Kilbys Honors and Positions From 1978 to 1984, Jack Kilby was a Distinguished Professor of Electrical Engineering at Texas AM University. In 1970, Kilby received the National Medal of Science. In 1982, Jack Kilby was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. The Kilby Awards Foundation, which annually honors individuals for achievements in science, technology, and education, was established by Jack Kilby. Most notably, Jack Kilby was awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize for Physics for his work on the integrated circuit. Jack Kilbys Other Inventions Jack Kilby has been awarded more than sixty patents for his inventions. Using the microchip, Jack Kilby designed and co-invented the first pocket-sized calculator called the Pocketronic. He also invented the thermal printer that was used in portable data terminals. For many years Kilby was involved in the invention of solar powered devices.

Article Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Article Critique - Essay Example The difference can show as if they belong to different individuals (Bergner, 2009). Sexual response occurs mainly to the sexual organs that are the genitals (clitoris in females and penis in males) which are engorged with blood because of stimulation. The vagina becomes lubricated making it easy for penetration reducing the possibility of getting hurt during copulation. On the other hand, the penis of the male swells as it is stimulated and hardens enabling it to penetrate the vagina. Males are mostly stimulated while watching heterosexual movies and lesbian (Bergner, 2009). Both males and females are mostly sexually aroused while watching movies from an opposite gender as compared to those of the same gender. Sigmuid Freud states that a persons underlying sexual problems, for example, sexual assault contributes a great deal, on how women respond sexually (Bergner, 2009). Heiman (1990) suggests that women are turned on physiologically by so many stimuli as compared to men who bring the question whether men are inhibited or are bound by their own culture (Bergner, 2009). Females mind and genitals arousal according to Chivers shows discordant in that they are not directly related. This is also shown during rape where during the assault the genitals get aroused which can lead to orgasm irrespective of the individuals willingness. They lubricate to reduce discomfort and injuries that might occur during penetration that can lead to illnesses, death or even loss of fer tility, which can be transmitted, from one generation to the other. The article mostly assumes that the individual reviewed are sexually active. This is vivid in the tone in which the article is written because the author assumes that the reader understand what sexuality is and the processes involved both in theory and out of experience. Another assumption is

Spiritual Belief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Spiritual Belief - Essay Example In patience recovery, faith is important in contributing to the beliefs of the individual thus their ability to recover. The spiritual needs assessment of a relative to a patient helped reveal several demographic factors that may help devise proper psychological therapies for the patient thereby resulting in faster recovery. The assessment revealed that the patient had ardent faith in the Christian faith and was a staunch catholic. His beliefs were founded in the teachings of the Roman Catholic and so was his family’s. As a Christian ascribing to the doctrines of the faith, the respondent neither drinks nor smokes. Additionally, he portrays a social and loving personality often assisting those he interacts with whenever possible thus validating his support for the patient. The patient portrayed strong belief in the teachings of the faith thereby opting to live as per the demands of the Catholic Church. From the assessment, it became evident that one’s spiritual beliefs are important in determining their subsequent personalities. Religious beliefs contribute to the development of a personality within an individual as the interview portrayed. Most of the questions in the assessment tool sought to investigate the relationship between the faith and the social life of the individual. The respondent’s responses revealed a close relationship with the faith greatly influencing the social lives of the respondent (Reilly, 2011). Since the respondent is a catholic and that, the catholic teachings abhor alcoholism and cigarette. The respondent thus selects his social groupings carefully always avoiding smoker ad alcoholics. His religious beliefs thus influence the type of respondent’s lifestyle, such toxic substances as alcohol and cigarette affect health. By avoiding such for whichever reasons, one reduces chances of infections (Manent, 2011). Religious beliefs and the degree of beliefs in the teachings of a faith is a key factor that helps inf luence the type of lifestyle an individual leads. In this relation, religious beliefs thus influence the propensity of an individual being susceptible to certain lifestyle diseases such as those caused by alcohol, cigarettes and other religious contrabands. The assessment went well thereby revealing several important factors of religion that affect the health of an individual. Just as stated earlier, religion influences the relationship among people. The respondent’s belief in his faith that discourages discrimination resulted in an objective interaction between the respondent and the interviewer. The interaction was free and extremely interactive with the respondent opting to take the opportunity to pass some of his teachings to the respondent. The personal interaction between the respondent and the interviewer portrayed advanced development and maturity thereby leading to free flow of information from both sides. Such thereby contributed to the effectiveness of the study, w hich revealed several important facts about the relationship between religious belief, and lifestyle that is an important determinant of lifestyle diseases. Besides the personal relations between the respondent and the interviewer, communication between the two was effective a factor contributed to by several factors. The effectiveness of the interview ensured that the interviewee responded to all the questions and exhibited sincerity that improved the effectiveness of the study. The respondent owing to his inclination to his faith committed to the study and provided detailed answers to the questions in the tool. The free flow of information between the two permitted the respondent to provide examples of some of the issues he raised thereby developing factual relationship betw

Higher education Essay Example for Free

Higher education Essay As I see you beaming with pride and eagerly waiting to enter a higher education, I am reminded of the words of the German Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche who says, â€Å"On the mountains of truth you can never climb in vain: either you will reach a point higher up today, or you will be training your powers so that you will be able to climb higher tomorrow. Just like the mountains of truth, you have made a tremendous effort to climb the ladder that will take you to a greater height of success. You all deserve to be here today. Some may be clouded with sadness as you leave your alma mater while reminiscing the unforgettable days with your batchmates and teachers. This is the day that you will always cherish and the time has come for you to assert your inner glow, shine and be the light of our school. In the number of years of being with us, we have journeyed together, earned success and have learned from our mistakes. Each tiny steps that we have taken, made us better, stronger and wiser. Each of you has contributed to our success and we are so proud of you. When you participated in the Rizal competition, a competition that has showcased your creative writing, chess, art and other talents, you have earned honors for your alma mater. This may be a game of fun for many competitors like you because of the talent, interest and enthusiasm that you take with you in every competition that you have participated in. Our academic and non-academic activities and competitions have honed your skills and made you discover the innate talents that you have. This school serves as the avenue that has paved the way in enriching your minds, polishing your skills, and making you understand the importance of discipline and education. How could we forget the fire drills that we had that would prepare you to any similar disaster that may or may not happen in your life? This is an important preparation in light of some unavoidable or unexpected disasters that are happening in many parts of our country. In this drill, you have also shown others the value of being of help to your fellowmen regardless of who they are. This is a giant step in understanding the value of saving lives and in being big brothers and big sisters to one another. You have also made a great effort in our water conservation campaign. We must be thankful for the abundance of water that we are enjoying in our community and in our country. However, being blessed with a life giving water resources must not come with its careless and abusive usage. Each of you has learned to become vigilant to dripping faucets and excessive use of water for our daily needs. It is now our task to continue this practice in our homes and in our communities. These are few of the many programs and activities that we have undertaken together and without your help and effort, we will never succeed in our undertakings. With that, allow me to personally say, â€Å"Thank You† to the graduating class and their parents. To all the teachers and staff, I salute you for the many hours that you have spent in helping your students learn and succeed. You have worked beyond school hours and have supported me in implementing our programs. Although there are talks about the possibility of closing this school amidst all our challenges, rest assured that we are working hard and doing everything we can to keep this school open and functioning well so new students can enroll, and old students can continue their studies and eventually graduate similar to the current batch who are right before me today. I would like to conclude my speech not with a farewell to the graduates and their parents but with a reminder that in being a light for your alma mater, you can serve someone other than yourself and serve something bigger than yourself. God bless you and your families.

Comparing the Themes of Vincenzio Bellini’s Norma and Euripedes Medea

Comparing the Themes of Vincenzio Bellini’s Norma and Euripedes' Medea Vincenzio Bellini’s opera Norma is considered by many to be a reworking of Euripedes' classic Greek tragedy Medea. Both plots have many identical elements of Greek tragedy such as a chorus, unity of location, and a human decision and action culminating in tragedy. Richard Wagner greatly admired Greek tragedies, believing them to be â€Å"The highest point ever reached in human creative achievement†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wagner 1). In his essay Theories of Art, Wagner gives five reasons for this â€Å"artistic perfection:† 1. It represented a successful combination of the arts-- poetry, drama, costumes, mime, music, dance and song-- and as such had greater scope and expressive powers than any of the arts alone. 2. It took its subject matter from myth, which illuminates the human experience in universal terms. (â€Å"The myth is true for all times.† (Wagner 2)) 3. Both the content and the occasion of performance had religious significance. 4. It was a religion of humanism and a celebration of life, even in death. 5. The entire community took part. Medea also deals heavily with the themes of female jealousy, its capabilities, and infanticide, as does Norma. Norma exhibits not only the embodiment of these themes, but also exhibits Wagner’s theories of effectiveness of Greek tragedy, therefore qualifying Bellini’s opera to be as effective in portraying the classic ideals of Greek tragedy as its counterpart, Medea. Wagner believed that as time went on, Greek art slowly disintegrated, each individual art going a separate way, developing alone—instrumentals without words, poetry without music, drama without either, etc. He believed it further disintegrated with the introduction of Christiani... ...s; Medea; Trans. Rex Warner. The Harcourt Brace Anthology of Drama: Third Edition. Orlando: Harcourt, 2000. Georgousi, Fotini; Tragic Women: Plotting and Transgressing; Minnesota University Press; 2001. McIver, Barbara Basore, B.A., M.A.; Good Girls, Bad Girls and Heroines; Models from Myth; University of Akansas Press; 1968. Plunka, Gene A. Ed. Antonin Artaud and the Modern Theater; New Jersey: Associated UP, 1994. Romani, Felice; Norma (libretto) trans. Olcese, Stefano, 2000. Romani, Frederico; Alexandre Soumet and his Three Muses; Minnesota Opera Pubs. 2003. Schumacher, Claude and Brian Singleton. Eds. Artaud on Theatre; London: Methuen, 1989. Sferro, Nuccio; Norma Libretto Notes; Stanford University Press, 2000. Wagner, Richard; Bellini: A Word in Season; trans. William Ashton Ellis; Wagner’s Prose Works Vol. 8 pp. 67-69, 1899.

Food Memoir Essay

During my early twenties, I developed a passion for cooking. The deeper I delved into the art of cooking quality food, the more I realized the amalgamating properties it held. Little did I know, this hobby was something my new wife Jenn and I did not share. The first indication that there might be a problem in the kitchen occurred with a simple request one evening after work: â€Å"Honey, I would like some bacon,† I said. To my astonishment, my bride declared, â€Å"I don’t know how to cook bacon, I don’t even like bacon! † I knew this woman for seven years—my high school sweetheart—and I never knew she didn’t like bacon. â€Å"Who doesn’t like bacon anyway? It’s un-American! † I said. No wife of mine would ever dislike bacon. And even if you didn’t like it, how could you not know how to cook it? Exasperated, I explained how you begin with a cold pan, as not to scorch it. I continued, showing her how not to overlap the bacon, but not to leave too much space either. The conversation continued and I took jabs where I could. She contended that she did not like bacon because of its texture; I argued it was because she did not know how to cook it right. I couldn’t really blame her though, she came by it honestly. My mother-in-law cannot cook—at all. She has a rotation of three to four meals that come from a can or a package. Hamburger Helper was commonplace growing up in that house. A simple meal such as spaghetti is a botched experiment in â€Å"homemade cooking. † Her recipe consists of un-doctored, canned sauce poured onto over-cooked, mushy noodles, that she stirs the entire time they are boiling. Sometimes, she’ll even add a couple of frozen meatballs from a bag. To our delight, most of our meals with the mother-in-law take place in a restaurant, where it’s safe. We are able to enjoy the occasion of food and family, while actually being able to stomach the food. It is the aforementioned reasons that my wife could not cook when we first got married; she simply was not taught or even exposed to the practice of cooking. She was also rather close-minded when it came to new things. After-all, Hamburger Helper only came in so many varieties. It was up to me to change all this—to teach her to cook, and open her mind to new flavors. I grew up with real home-cooked meals. My dad, now an engineer, was once the chef at a local restaurant in our hometown of Marion, Illinois. He imparted in me an appreciation for real food, and dispelled the myth in my mind, that â€Å"mom† was responsible for putting dinner on the table. Years later, dad is a still a major influence in my relationship with food, which in turn strengthens my relationship with him. For the past ten years, going to dad’s house for Sunday dinner has been tradition—first me, then my wife, and now our three children. Dad and I haven’t always seen eye-to-eye on certain things, but there is an emulsifying, unifying power that quality food possesses, that helped heal our relationship. Even before the modern days of Sunday dinner began, my dad was my inspiration to learn to cook, and I aspire to be the same for my children. One factor that enhanced my appreciation for cooking was the time I spent in my early twenties watching the Food Network. There, I watched Emeril Lagasse cook up his latest masterpiece with a â€Å"BAM! † I attempted to emulate many of his dishes, some even with success. It was in this time period that I actually began to develop some culinary skill. My mother was my faithful and willing test subject. Her only complaint was the disaster I left in my wake. I could cook, but would somehow manage to destroy the entire kitchen in the process. One of my favorite dishes I picked up in this time period was a simple bologna recipe I picked up from Emeril, which became an oft-requested Super Bowl staple. Emeril’s Favorite Brown Sugar-Crusted Baked Bologna1: An all-beef bologna, smothered in Dijon mustard and brown sugar, and slow-cooked for five hours. The resulting deliciousness is served on fresh, white bread with yellow mustard. I never would have thought bologna could become gourmet, and it was with this dish I learned it is often the simpler recipes that have the most impact. This taught me that delicious cuisine doesn’t necessarily take hours of preparation alongside fancy ingredients. Sometimes, all a simple recipe needs is a creative twist to turn it into something incredible. It took some time, but Jenn came around. The more I encouraged her to try new things, the wider her horizons became. She began to cook, and found she was actually a natural in the kitchen. And how did I finally get her to eat bacon? While she was pregnant with our first son, she would eat anything. I would come home from work to find family-size boxes of macaroni and cheese decimated. I knew this was my chance. I started sneaking bacon into dishes, and onto sandwiches—anywhere I remotely thought I could fit it in. Lo and behold, she found she actually liked it! Now that we both have a healthy appreciation of cooking, we keep a strong focus on it in our day to day lives. Despite our busy schedules, it is a priority of ours to eat together as a family whenever possible. Because of our passion for a unique blend of health and great taste in our diets, our children are always trying, and usually liking, new foods. We can already see in them an appreciation for good food, and an affinity for family meal time. What’s the number one request for just about any meal? Bacon, of course.

How the Cold War Started Essay

The USA and the USSR were allies during World War Two, however they were not natural allies. The seeds of hostility between the USA and the USSR began after World War Two, the period that followed is known as the Cold War. The reason for it being called a ‘cold’ war is due to the fact that no physical war took place between the two countries. Many factors fuelled the tension between the USA and USSR, all of which can divide into three categories: the arms race, Eastern Europe and ideologies. An arms race is a competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons. Historians believe that the arms race was the most prominent factor causing tensions. The significant turning point of the USA and USSR’s relationship, and trigger event to the arms race, was the bombing of Japan. In August 1945, the USA dropped two atomic bombs on Japan. Hiroshima and Nagasaki were destroyed and thousands of people died. The bombs were the most powerful weapons invented. The fact that the USA had not informed their ally, the USSR, before dropping the bombs created suspicion from the USSR. Russia did not have any bombs and this meant that the USA could potentially attack the Soviet Union and they could not do a thing to prevent it. Adding to the tensions, both the USA and USSR have contradicting views on the reasons behind the bombs. In the USA’s perspective, â€Å"any weapon that would bring an end to war and save a million casualties among American boys was justified†¦ the A-bomb would be successful† says the US secretary of state James Byrne. However, the USSR thought that â€Å"the purpose of the bombings was to intimidate other countries†, in the view of Russian historian Vadim Nekrasov. This opposing view reflects their mutual feelings for each other. The USSR felt the need two surpass the USA on arms and so in August 1949, the USSR have their own A-bomb. The increase in weapons and competition over military might was initially begun by the USA to contain communism. The USSR saw the increase in weapons and competition as a threat and felt the need to match or even surpass it. One nation felt the need that if the other were to have nuclear weapons of mass destruction, they should be able to counteract any possible action with their own stockpiles of weapons. The two countries had contrasting viewpoints and could never see eye to eye. This lack of trust and continuous suspicion created unnecessary tension and further disabled any relationships to be fixed. In April 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation was created. It was a military alliance of the US, Canada and nations of Western Europe against the threat of communist expansion. The USSR saw this as a threat and so in response, six years later, the USSR created an ‘antidote’ to this, being the Warsaw Pact. The Warsaw Pact was a mutual defence treaty between eight communist states in Europe. The USSR saw NATO as a threat as Article 5 of the charter mentioned â€Å"The parties agree to an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all†. In response, the USSR’s Warsaw Pact stated â€Å"in the event of an armed attack in Europe, one or several states†¦ render the state(s) immediate assistance by all the means it may consider necessary including the use of armed forces†. Both the nations saw these as threats as they showed that each opposing nation was ready to attack when necessary. This heightened the climate of suspicion between them. Within the cold war, things almost turned hot. In 1950, the Korean War took place. The North Koreans (backed by the Soviets) invaded South Korea (backed by the USA). This event was a war between the Capitalists and Communists but took place between two –almost- puppet nations with the USA and USSR pulling the strings in order to avoid war with each other. The Korean War as a complete breakdown in communication between the two and led to even more tension. The fact that both nations felt the necessity to surpass the other was evident in the Space Race. In October 1957, the USSR launched the Sputnik satellite into orbit around the earth. The USA required reassurance of their power and threat level as they realised if the USSR could send technology into space, it would be easy for them to send technology (possibly nuclear weapons) around the globe. They matched the USSR by putting a satellite into orbit in January 1958. This desire to surpass one another and going to extreme lengths to prove their worth showed the other that they were not willing to give up and were highly persistent to be the best nuclear power in the world. The arms race was a seemingly never ending competition between the USA and the USSR as both nations needed to show off to the other and be the ‘last nation left standing’. As their persistence grew, so did their tensions. Others argue however, the Eastern European factors were the main cause of tension. Some could argue that initial tensions began at the Yalta and Potsdam conferences (1945) with the superpowers discussing and deciding the fates of the defeated nations of World War Two. The conferences themselves increased tensions as the powers disagreed over what should happen to Europe and Germany. The Soviets wanted to move Poland’s borders to the West so that the USSR’s borders could move into Poland. Stalin wanted to create a buffer zone so that Russia would be a satellite state and they could also react if ever attacked. Churchill expressed his views on Stalin’s motives to Roosevelt by saying â€Å"The Soviet Union has become a danger to the free world. A new front must be created†¦ as far east as possible†¦ before the armies of democracy melt.† There were a lot of disagreements at Potsdam over what to do about Germany. Stalin left his troops occupying Eastern European countries. The USA disliked this as they detested communism, but now that â€Å"the war had left them holding lots of land in Europe- much too much land† (Clement Atlee, Britain’s Prime Minister), it would make it difficult for the USA to contain communism with the potential of communist expansion through Europe. The conferences sparked the tensions between the two, however, in June 1948, tensions rapidly increased. The Soviets cut off road and rail routes to West Berlin in hope that the allies would be forced to leave Berlin and that the capitalist toxin in Eastern Europe would be removed. The US saw this as the USSR’s attempt to expand European communism and decrease European confidence in America. The USA counteracted this act by supplying necessities via airlift and moving their nuclear bomber force to England as a threat to Russia. Truman justified his actions in 1949 by saying â€Å"We would act when freedom was threatened†, and therefore undermined the USSR’s actions as picturing it as a form of entrapment. The USSR and the USA both claimed their parts of Germany through dividing it. The Western allies turned their occupied zones into the Federal Republic of Germany and the Soviets set up the German Democratic Republic. Germany and Berlin were both divided between the nations. Both the countries wanted to claim their land and used it to show how they were better. The need to show off created tensions as now the two nations were using land and the people in it to prove their worth. In 1961, tensions escalated to a new height. The USSR took their might a step further and built the Berlin Wall to stop communists escaping to the west. The wall was the final straw of tension between the two nations. In an attempt to justify his decisions, Khrushchev stated â€Å"we had no choice to build the wall in order to maintain the freedom of East Berlin. There are more spies in West Berlin than anywhere else in the world†¦causing sabotage and riot.† However, from an outside and unbiased perspective into the Berlin wall, a modern world textbook states â€Å"the Wall was built to prevent the loss of many well educated East Germans. This was bad publicity for the East and Communism.† This shows how far the USSR would go to make sure Capitalism does not interfere with the Communist beliefs. He used his people and ‘entrapped’ them in order to make Communism look good. Kennedy however, did not counteract Khrushchev as much as Truman and Roosevelt as he said â€Å"It’s not a nice solution, but a wall is a hell of a lot better than a war†. Kennedy did not like what happened, but appeased. Contrary to the popular belief, tensions initially ignited as far back as 1917 during the Russian Civil War. Russia’s ruler Tsar was overthrown and so a provisional government was set up, however the Bolshevik party overthrew the government. The Bolshevik party faced oppositions known as the whites and there was a civil war. Foreign states including the USA got involved in order to stamp out the communist Bolsheviks and Russia saw this as an invasion of private affairs. The USA was Capitalist and believed in private ownerships and social mobility. The USSR was Communist and believed in complete equality for everyone and no private ownership. The two nations had highly contrasting ideologies and the difference in beliefs is what started the tensions in the first place. Churchill flagged up the problems with communist Russia through his Iron Curtain Speech in 1946. He stated â€Å"an iron curtain has descended across the continent†¦ Cities and populations lie in†¦ The Soviet sphere and all are subject, not only to Soviet influence, but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow†. Stalin simply said he was â€Å"anxious for its (Soviet Union) future safety†. The Western allies had a fear for the Communist expansion throughout Europe and wanted to contain communism. Truman stated â€Å"it must be the policy of the United States to support free nations against direct and indirect communist aggression† in reference to the Containment Policy. The Truman Doctrine was the USA’s initial attempt of containing communism. Greece and Turkey were each going through a civil war; the policy provided military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey as they were threatened by communist governments. In reference to the Truman Doctrine, Truman says â€Å"Greece must have assistance if it is to become a self-supporting and self-sustaining democracy. If we falter in our leadership, we may endanger the peace of the world.† The fact that the Truman Doctrine aided the two countries made it less likely the countries would have communist governments. Russia could not control Turkey and Greece, thus not allowing them to expand their communist empire throughout Europe. In 1948, the Marshall Plan was introduced The state of Europe post World War Two combined with the coldest winter on record reduced Europe to starvation. The USA became Europe’s hero as Marshall promised that Americans would do â€Å"whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world† Marshall Aid took the form of fuel, raw materials, goods, loans, food, machinery and advisors and was only available to those nations willing to cooperate. The Soviets feared that turning down Marshall Aid would cause unrest in their satellite countries and recognised that the USA were somewhat ‘selling’ their ideologies to the nations. The Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 however was the most tension-dense event. Cuba was influenced by the USA and was a trading nation with them until Fidel Castro, a communist took over. He set up a communist government which scared the USA into stopping trade with them. Castro increasingly sought help through the Soviet Union. President Kennedy allowed supporters of Batista (Cuba’s previous leader) to attack Cuba but failed to gain support and were defeated by Castro’s men. Shipments of arms were sent to Cuba and the USA saw potential in attacks. Kennedy did not want to use weapons against Cuba, but did not want to appear weak and so he decided to place a naval blockade around Cuba. This significantly heated tensions as the possibility of nuclear attack was at a new level and the nations were close to a war. The Soviet Foreign Minister, Gromyko saw the USA’s attempts as â€Å"an unrestrained anti-Cuban propaganda campaign†. Once again, the two nations lacked the capability of seeing eye to eye and had miscommunication faults. It could be argued that the contrasting ideologies were the underlying cause of tension and kept tensions alive and healthy throughout the 17 year period. The change in presidents and leaders changed the level of tensions. As opposed to Stalin, Khrushchev wanted to improve relations and opposed to Truman and Roosevelt, Kennedy was fairly passive (e.g. Berlin Wall). Without the initial friction created from the differences in ideologies, there would not have been an arms race or competition for control over Eastern Europe. Both countries aimed for peace, but their methods for peace were constantly viewed as threats due to the hatred of the opposing ideologies. Khrushchev believed â€Å"the main thing is to argue without resort to arms† and Kennedy believed â€Å"a wall is a hell of a lot better than a war†, showing that neither wanted to end up going to war and so both nations were in an arms race solely to prove their ideologies’ worth. The knowledge that the opposing nation wanted to expand their ideologies blinded the other and created them ignorant, hiding their ignorance through control over Europe and accumulation of nuclear arms. Overall, the contrast in ideologies was the factor which, throughout the cold war, created the foundation of and was the heart of tensions between the USA and USSR.

Workplace Discrimination Prohibited by Title VII Laws

Workplace Discrimination Prohibited by Title VII Laws Title VII is the portion of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which protects an individual from employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Specifically, Title VII prohibits employers from hiring, refusing to hire, firing, or laying off an individual due to those factors. It also makes illegal any attempt to segregate, classify, or limit the opportunities of any employees for reasons related to any of the above. This includes promotion, compensation, job training, or any other aspect of employment. Title VIIs Significance to Working Women With regard to gender, workplace discrimination is illegal. This includes discriminatory practices that are deliberate and intentional, or those that take on a less obvious form such as neutral job policies which disproportionately exclude individuals on the basis of sex and that are not job related. Also illegal are any employment decisions based on stereotypes and assumptions regarding the abilities, traits, or the performance of an individual on the basis of sex. Sexual Harassment and Pregnancy Covered Title VII also offers protection to individuals who encounter sex-based discrimination that takes the form of sexual harassment including direct requests for sexual favors to workplace conditions that create a hostile environment for persons of either gender, including same sex harassment. Pregnancy is also protected. Amended by the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, Title VII prohibits discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth and related medical conditions. Protection for Working Mothers According to the Georgetown University Law Center: Courts have ruled that Title VII prohibits employer decisions and policies based purely on an employer’s stereotyped impression that motherhood...are incompatible with serious work. Courts have found, for example, that the following conduct violates Title VII: having one policy for hiring men with preschool aged children, and another for hiring women with preschool aged children; failing to promote an employee on the assumption that her childcare duties would keep her from being a reliable manager; providing service credits to employees on disability leave, but not to those on pregnancy-related leave; and requiring men, but not women, to demonstrate disability in order to qualify for childrearing leave. LGBT Individuals Not Covered Although Title VII is wide-ranging and covers many workplace issues faced by women and men, it is important to note that sexual orientation is not covered by Title VII. Thus lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgender individuals are not protected by this law if discriminatory practices by an employer occur that are related to perceived sexual preferences. Compliance Requirements Title VII applies to any employer with 15 or more employees in both the public and private sector including federal, state and local governments, employment agencies, labor unions, and training programs.

35 Troublesome Irregular Verbs

35 Troublesome Irregular Verbs 35 Troublesome Irregular Verbs 35 Troublesome Irregular Verbs By Mark Nichol In English, many verbs adapt simply to the past tense with the attachment of either -d or -ed, as in walk/walked or brake/braked. These are called regular verbs. Many other verbs, however, undergo more significant alterations to transform from references to present-tense actions to those representing actions performed in the past. Such words are called irregular verbs. The simple past, the tense form that describes what has previously occurred, is fairly straightforward once one assimilates the forms for each irregular verb. But complications set in when the past participle a verb assisted by an auxiliary verb, or a past-tense form of the verb to be is employed. Some past-participle forms are easily distinguished from their simple-past counterparts, as in the case of ate/eaten, for example, or saw/seen (â€Å"I ate already†/â€Å"I had eaten already†; â€Å"We saw the movie†/â€Å"We had seen the movie†). Others, however, often literally give writers pause. Many of them are presented below in sample sentences with simple-past usage for comparison: 1. â€Å"A problem arose.† â€Å"A problem had arisen.† 2. â€Å"They beat the odds.† â€Å"They had beaten the odds.† 3. â€Å"She bore it well.† â€Å"She had borne it well.† 4. â€Å"He broke the record.† â€Å"He had broken the record.† 5. â€Å"My friend drank three beers already.† â€Å"My friend had drunk three beers already.† 6. â€Å"You forsook us.† â€Å"You had forsaken us.† 7. â€Å"The boy hid the ball.† â€Å"The boy had hidden the ball.† 8. â€Å"I lay on the floor for a moment.† â€Å"I had lain on the floor for a moment.† 9. â€Å"We rode far.† â€Å"We had ridden far.† 10. â€Å"The phone rang.† â€Å"The phone had rung.† 11. â€Å"She rose to the occasion.† â€Å"She had risen to the occasion.† 12. â€Å"She sang.† â€Å"She had sung.† 13. â€Å"He shook it loose.† â€Å"He had shaken it loose.† 14. â€Å"The shirt shrank when I dried it.† â€Å"The shirt had shrunk when I dried it.† 15. â€Å"We strode along merrily the entire way.† â€Å"We had stridden along merrily the entire way.† 16. â€Å"The team strove to come back from behind.† â€Å"The team had striven to come back from behind.† 17. â€Å"I swore that I had not taken it.† â€Å"I had sworn that I had not taken it.† 18. â€Å"They swam to the other end and back.† â€Å"They had swum to the other end and back.† 19. â€Å"He took her back home.† â€Å"He had taken her back home.† 20. â€Å"My sister tore the paper up.† â€Å"My sister had torn the paper up.† Hanged and Hung The past-participle form of hang is a special case. When referring to an object, hung is employed for both simple past and past participle: 21. â€Å"They hung the stockings with great care.† â€Å"They had hung the stockings with great care.† In reference to execution by hanging, however, hanged is often (but not always) used in both forms: â€Å"The horse thief was summarily hanged.† â€Å"The horse thief had been summarily hanged.† Hung in the latter sense is more likely to appear in a more casual context, as in a jocular usage or when referring to hanging in effigy: â€Å"I’ll be hung by my feet over an open fire if I don’t finish this in time.† Choices Many other verbs offer writers alternative forms for past tense, past-participle tense, or both: 22. â€Å"I awaked (or awoke or awakened) to a deafening hum.† â€Å"I had awoken (or awaked or awakened) to a deafening hum.† 23. â€Å"She forgot to call back.† â€Å"She had forgotten (or forgot) to call back.† 24. â€Å"The swimmer quickly dove (or dived) into the pool.† â€Å"The swimmer had quickly dived into the pool.† 25. â€Å"I got nothing in return.† â€Å"I had gotten (or got) nothing in return.† 26. â€Å"She lighted (or lit) another cigarette.† â€Å"She had lit (or lighted) another cigarette.† 27. â€Å"He proved that I was right.† â€Å"He had proven (or proved) me right.† 28. â€Å"The boat sank.† â€Å"The boat had sunk (or sank).† 29. â€Å"She showed him the door.† â€Å"She had shown (or showed) him the door.† 30. â€Å"The medallion shined (or shone) in the sunlight.† â€Å"The medallion had shone (or shined) in the sunlight.† 31. â€Å"I sneaked (or snuck) out last night.† â€Å"I had snuck (or sneaked) out last night.† 32. â€Å"The tiger sprang (or sprung) noiselessly.† â€Å"The tiger had sprung noiselessly.† 33. â€Å"The car’s interior stank (or stunk) of stale fast food.† â€Å"The car’s interior had stunk of stale fast food.† 34. â€Å"My dog waked (or woke) me up.† â€Å"My dog had woken (or waked) me up.† 35. â€Å"My aunt weaved (or wove) the scarf.† â€Å"My aunt had woven (or weaved) the scarf.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Direct and Indirect ObjectsWhat's a Male Mistress?Sit vs. Set

Changing employees attitudes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Changing employees attitudes - Essay Example Why do managers want to change their employees’ attitudes? The answer is simple. Managers want to change their employees’ attitudes because it affects their productivity. Employees are increasingly important for organizational success and competitiveness Wallace (2006, pp.1-3) states that employees must not only be trained, they should be developed for results. Wallace quotes Linda L. Martin and Dr. David G. Mutchler in their book, â€Å"Fail-Safe Leadership† when they stated â€Å"in business, and in life, attitudes directly determine whether an individual turns a problem into an opportunity – or a crisis† (2006, pp.1-3). Organizations hire employees because of their skills and qualifications. They also design training programs to further improve the quality of work of the individuals and eventually improve their productivity. Wallace (2006, pp.1-3) points out however, that organizations put too much emphasis on improving the skills of the employee while majority of termination in companies are due to attitude problems of the employees. This just shows how important it is for a manager to be able to change the behavior of its employees. Before changing an employee’s attitudes, we must first understand that attitude has three components namely, the cognitive, affective and behavioral (Macalinao, 2009). Cognitive is the opinion or belief segment of an attitude. The affective component is the emotional or feeling segment of an attitude while behavioral is the intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something.

Power Play for Howard, Negotiating Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Power Play for Howard, Negotiating - Assignment Example Another important consideration is that negotiation implies acceptance by both parties that agreement between them is required before a decision can be implemented. The requirement of negotiation is there need to be minimum two parties involved in the negotiation process. There must exist some common interest, either in the subject matter of the negotiation or in the negotiating context that puts or keeps the parties in contact. Introduction to case: Power play for Howard Juwan Howard is a 23 year old young basket ball player. And this case study dealt with the young players negotiation techniques between the two teams. Howard was introduced in 1994 by the Washington Bullets, a junior from University of Michigan with the 11 year contract for $37 million. He was hard working and, for the most part, conducted himself with class and dignity on and off the court. Juwan Howard became a all time favorite key player in the basket ball team. People of Washington wanted to keep Juwan Howard w ith them as he is a star player and they wanted a win to Washington after a long span of 9 years. Even the agents and managers of various clubs wanted to keep him with them. Hence there was a huge demand for Juwan Howard in the society and this case study tell us about the negotiation technique that adopted by Juwan Howard to increase his bidding value and also the agents to bring Juwan Howard in their team but not creating any financial risky situation to their respective clubs. Negotiation is not a very simple process. In negotiation each party wants to have their upper hand and want to gain profits. Therefore during negotiation each party will have certain advantages it can be tangible and intangible, costs and risk associated with their contracts. Hence it is the capacity of a person who does the negotiation to ensure that he will get the maximum benefits. Negotiations involved in this case study are bit complicated as all the parties involved in it and they were just observing other peoples move so as to open their trump card. In this case study Juwan Howard’s name and fame is going to give a lot of benefits to him in terms of money. The basket ball game is very famous amongst the people so each game used to get around $136,000 revenue, and hence Juwan Howard thinks that he also should get a very good remuneration for himself. Moreover Howard is emotionally attached to Washington, and leaving will cause him lot of pain which is also can be reason for high quotation. Although he agreed to leave Washington and join Miami Heat, which gave a guaranteed seven year, contract worth $100.8 million. It is the biggest deal in the history of team sports, along with luxury hotel suites and limousine service during his road trips. This is a huge deal for Howard in his young age of 23 years. Howard almost was the highest paid basketball player during the 1996 and 1997 season, but his contract was voided by the NBA. However the confused story of Howard returns to the Bullets in August 1996 signing a contract, but Heat went to court challenging the NBA’s ruling. But using the Heats quotation Howard and his agents could negotiate better with Bullets winning a contract of over 100 million. This explained the extent to which the pro sports have become a mesh of emotion and financial reason with on court talent and the off court financial

Communication Between People and Computers Essay

Communication Between People and Computers - Essay Example The action of the film is set in futuristic Los Angeles, in highly developed and technologically integrated and advanced society. Everything in the setting of the movie suggests that the audience faces the future society. First of all, it is a high level of technification: it seems that every person is very good with computers and has at least two devices, a smartphone at hand and a computer at home. Also, computers are really smart even compared to the latest developments people have today: they are controlled by voice, and their voice recognition functions are quite impressive. Finally, the level of integration of technology into human life does suggest the movie is set in the future. From what one sees on the screen, it is possible to draw the conclusion that it is the society, in which â€Å"anatomopolitics of the human body [†¦] and a regulatory pole centered on population with panoply of strategies concentrating on knowledge, control, and welfare† have been merged ( Rabinow 91). This is the world, in which people and technology are a unified whole and in which the traditional dichotomy of the society and technology does not work. In fact, it is the world where new understanding of people in regard to everything they made predominates. The way the city is shown also suggests that the movie is set in the future. More specifically, the streets are clean, and there is no dirt and trash there. People’s apartments as well as working space are bright, roomy, and various gadgets do not look like the modern ones.

Subject Of Human Resource Development Management Essay

Subject Of Human Resource Development Management Essay This report provides an understanding of the subject of Human resource Development . In this report we explain the different learning style and explain the learning theories and its contribution to the planning and design of learning events. and it has been describe the implications of the learning curve and the importance of ensuring the transfer of learning to workplace. Methods of analysis include HRD policy of Nestle,HR practices, types of flexibility could be seen in the organisation, methods of training, and stages of training cycle. And finally analysis of suitable evaluation model for In the second part of the report it has been clearly identified the systematic approach of training methods practiced at Nestle and factors to take into account when planning a training and development event. In the final part of the report it has been explored the evaluation needs, and review the key stakeholders in the evaluation process and evaluation techniques could be practised at Nestle and finally the influencing role of UK government in training and development and the growing emphasis on lifelong learning and continuous development. And examine the range of contemporary training initiatives introduced by the UK government. Table of Contents Introduction The demand of industry and commerce are continually changing and are reflected in the activities of the training department and the training and development programmes. New approaches, skills, operations and procedures require either new training programmes or modifications of existing ones. This in turn affects the members of the training department.- planners, designers, authors, trainers, administrators- who have to develop different programs. Only too frequently the steps proceeding the training event are rushed or inadequate and the training itself is entered into without an effective design The training process in complex and starts at a decision making event. This might be a senior manager meeting at which a new operation or procedure is decided; a personnel report on suspicions of problems gleaned from performance reviews; line managers concerns that they or their staff may be performing at less than total effectiveness ; or staff themselves who realize that they need support, guidance and training to perform their roles or develop beyond their current levels. Whatever the source of the need requirement, if effective training and development is to result , the activities to achieve the needs must be planned in a capable manner. This report describe Nestle training and development policy all over the world and how the successful approaches of training methods and evaluation techniques contribute to the overall success of the companyhttp://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQR_Q1qZpCFk9kfvuK5e67m89By3msSMXwXTeXl4UHYEsS_YOza Task 01 Importance of comparing learning style In practice, effective learning requires that trainees adopt a flexible style, sometime serialist, and sometime hoslist. However, this may not be possible for many people. The implication for differing learning styles for course designers is that training methods should be varied to meet the differing approaches for their course members. Thus, although trainers themselves may wish to use experiential and participative forms of training, these may not always be welcomed by their trainees, who may prefer to opt for traditional methods. Mayo suggests that organizations need to recognize the simple fact that different people learn different ways should take the following actions. Give people the opportunity to discover their most learning style Offer learning opportunities that suit people with different learning style Recognize to complete the full learning style Help people to translate the learning cycle into a continuous spiral of learning Honey and Mumford simplified Kolbs learning cycle and refined his learning style questionnaire. The result is that managers can identify whether they are predominantly: Activist- Whats new? I m game for anything Reflector- Id like to think about this Theorist- How does this relate to that? Pragmatist- How can I apply this is practice? The researchers claim that an understanding of ones learning style will enhance learning effectiveness, whether as a trainee or as a tutor. Different learning theories The way in which people learn best will differ according to the type of person. There are several competing theories about how people learn, and how you can assess your natural learning style. Behaviourism theory As the name suggests, researched were interested Learner must be able to respond actively and it concerned with behaviour than with thinking, feeling, or knowing. Simply it focuses on the objective and observable components of behaviour. Of the trainee. learning is facilitated when objectives are clear and to acquire more skills the frequency of repetition of responses is more important. Cognitive theory Cognitive psychologists saw learning as a complex process involving the exercise of problem solving capacity , mental mapping, intuition, imagination , perception, and purpose. They also held that learning could be latent. i.e stored away until required for use. Social learning approach This theory suggests people learn by watching others. The term modelling was coined by Miller and Dollard to explain learning by imitating others and role models as a label for those individuals who are held up as examples of good practice. The willingness to learn is the key condition that is required by Nestle. And they consider people are they most valuable asset, so when they design a training program, they ensure that by adopting which learning theory will maximise the potential; of the Nestles employees so that they could able to achieve the following objectives through training and development strategy. ensure that a pool of talent team are at the right place at the right time to enable experience through exposure; either through on-the-job training, overseas assignments or project participation. Generate meaningful learning which improve the organisational and personal performance of the employee through effective training programmes (Source :- http://www.nestle-family.com/media/english/people-development.aspx) 1.3 Importance of Learning curve and the transfer of learning Learning curve is a graph showing the relationship between time spent in learning and the level of competence achieved. It describes the progress and variable pace of learning. It basically state the more you learn less steps will be taken to increase the time and effort to complete a given task. in order to get the maximum utilization from the learning it is important to make sure there is motivation and interest is established on the activity that the employee learn, otherwise there could be an imbalance between the learning process and the ultimate performance of the employee . The ability to utilize previous learning in the service of a new learning is called transfer of learning .it is an important factor in any learning , but especially so when basic principles are being learned. Transfer can be two types: positive and negative., Simply nestle encourage people to learn, where it has a strong culture to develop the people from all over the world. So willingness to learn is the most important condition to be employed by Nestle. Their training programmes are purpose oriented and designed to improve relevant skills and competencies. They continuously develop the specific skills to perform the work activities efficiently with minimal time taken. Nestle provide motivation in various ways to their employees, such as providing opportunity to upgrade the literacy skills, on job training, establishment of residential training centres are aimed at improving the learning capacity of Nestlà ©s employees. This will result in higher productivity and efficient work force and having a competitive global market. And the organisation makes sure the employees applied the skills and knowledge learned from the training and work place activities in the task given to them. And update of new skills taught to them http://t1.gstatic.c om/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTSQ8OQctP8TEJK-5ypua5dpnc1r-tjUNUHoZ6mrYRnce5-AQB7 (Nestle case study) Task 02 2.1 Nestlà ©s Approach to training Training is the necessary part at Nestle from the top management to the bottom level. and training is provided continually to develop the individuals who are employed at Nestle throughout the world. e-Learning, classroom courses, management courses and executive courses), are provided by each and every country where Nestle has its operations and it has five training centres including in France, UK, Spain, Mexico and Brazil. Nestle provides the following- Literacy training is provided to upgrade the necessary literacy skills those who missed a large part of their elementary school. This is specially designed for employees who handle new technical equipments and work in independence work teams Nestle Apprenticeship Programs. Apprenticeship programs have been an essential part of Nestle; training where the young trainees spent three days a week at work and two at school. Local Training Programs- On issues ranging from technical, leadership, and communication and business economics. Two third of all Nestle employees work in factories most of which organize continuous training to meet their specific needs. in addition , an number Nestle operating companies run their own residential training centres. International Training Rive-Reine, their International Training and Conference Centre in Switzerland is where Nestlà © people from all over the world meet to exchange information and ideas in seminars and training courses . 2.2 training contribution of training and development policy A systematic approach to training and development will generally follow a logical sequence of activities commencing with the establishment of a policy and the resources to sustain it, followed by an assessment of training needs, for which appropriate training is provided and ending with some form of evaluation and feedback.http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRs5jKLDUyRUvn_xrvqj46c73oxrFqFyXsoMEBLaa7uNPCx9cqC By providing a systematic training Nestle could expect to enjoy the following potential benefits Maintenance of a sufficient and suitable range of skills amongst employees The development of knowledge and skills in the workforce The harnessing of work experience and other forms of on the job development in a planned way Achievement of improvement job performance and productivity Increase value of employee in the labour market Nestle has a decentralised training and learning nature which provide the opportunity to acquire knowledge and tools they need to respond to local needs, which country they are work in. and it has a culture which motivate their people to work with different people with different country ,which leads to a multinational organisation. Training programs are generally purpose oriented and designed to improve relevant skills and competencies which will help them to move on to the next managerial level in their organisations. Specially management and executive courses are provided for managers. Nestle mainly focus on on the job training methods by the Nestle; people it self not by the professional outside trainers, which means part of the training structure in every company focused on developing managers own coaching skills, so in many cases the manager is personally involved in teaching and mentoring practices as a way of communicating knowledge to their fellow members. 2.3 factors Nestle need to take into account when planning a training and development event The introduction of a systematic approach to training and development at Nestle implies the following sequence of activities: Establishing a policy for employee development Setting up an appropriate training function Developing the means for identifying learning needs Planning and designing learning activities Implementing and subsequently evaluating these activities in their context. The Human resource policy of Nestle is give priority to develop the people of their organisation. This simply deals with the recruitment, remuneration, and training and development and emphasizes individual responsibility and strong leadership and a commitment to lifelong learning. At the next stage when identifying the training needs, Nestle need to consider the following factors Since the company has a diverse culture , must encourage employees to work with people from many different countries and cultures in the course of their career. Education in understanding the culture and values of members of a diverse workforce In order to update with the new level of technology , training should be aimed at overall factories Training should be designed to improve relevant skills and competencies A learning need from Nestles point of view is any shortfall in the employees knowledge, skills or attitudes compared with the requirements of the job, and any consequential requirements to adapt to organisational change. In order to satisfy training needs, training plans need to be established. A plan usually has the following components: aims, target group and numbers of employees across the world, diverse culture, nature of employee and their skills, filling the knowledge gap , programme content , including objectives, programme evaluation. Since at Nestle managers are responsible for coaching and guiding their employees as a part of their work so it would not require formally designed programs but learning targets, timescales and evaluation still need to be planned. The content of the training programme should be geared to the knowledge or skills required by the work responsibilities of the target group. The level at which the training pitched will depend on the current level of k nowledge and skills of the trainees. And also nestle basically depend on the job training methods. This method of learning includes learning from experience, colleagues/workmates, coaching and special projects. And finally training can be evaluated at all levels at Nestle from the level of the training activity itself up to its impact, if any on organisational goals. The subject matter of evaluation embraces the following: Nestle culture and structure On the job training methods The managers and the employees at nestle Changes in trainee behaviour Course content And learning methods 2.4 suitable training method based on HRD managers point of view As a HRD manager the first and most important decision concern the type of training approach that will be used to satisfy the agreed objectives for a particular group of learners. At Nestle most of the training programs are provided in house and managers are required to act as coaches . so coaching is a training and or development approach in which learner follows a learning process at work, usually with the involvement of the manager but using real work projects. This learning at work is different from traditional methods, it is achieved by the use of actual work, as opposed to the more artificial nature of training course activities. Coaching techniques are similar to those of many forms of training and development. In summary these will be: Identify the individuals requiring training and development Confirm that coaching will be best and most cost effective form of satisfying the training needs Discuss with the learner what is needed and agree with them that a coaching process should be followed, Agree with them the terminal objectives for the coaching and the most effective ways of achieving them Construct an agreed coaching plan that will be supported by both of you as the manager and the learners Agree starting and finishing dates for the process Agree interim progress discussions and also the final discussions on completion of the project at which , it is hoped, the results of the project will be accepted Review with the learners the learning resulting from the event and discuss future action The HRD manager as a coach must offer full support to the learners and above all must not look over their shoulder all the time, but remembering that this is basically a training exercise and that they still retain the final responsibility for the success of the task . Task 03 3.1 importance of evaluation of training and development programs to Nestle Evaluation is an activity which attempt to assess either the intrinsic merit of a learning event, i.e whether it was worth doing in the first place or the worth of an event in terms of whether it was useful or not in the circumstances. Evaluation that focuses on training processes and training progress is called formative evaluation , evaluation that focuses on the ultimate worth of training is called summative evaluation. Importance of evolution To determine the effectiveness of the training (whether training objectives met) To help improve the design of training To support accountability (determine the cost benefit ratio or return on investment of the event) Gather information on nature, experience and outcomes of training events so that they can be effectively marketed within the organisation. To allow stakeholders in the training process to give feedback To provide management information Nestle human resource policy mainly emphasis the ongoing learning and the training process to develop the skills of the their employees. It is important to ensure that the trainee is provided the expected outcome at the end of the training session. Since Nestles approach for training is differ in different nations and cultures, it is important to evaluate the different training approaches aimed at different people at different nations. As per the case study learning is an integral part of Nestle culture , in that training and development plays a major role. The effectiveness of evaluating training programs directly contribute the overall success of the company. Effective workforce evaluation helps in ascertaining the relationship between acquired knowledge, transfer of knowledge at the work place, and training.it will maximise the training ROI and help to determine the future from of training programs 3.2 evaluation to be one off or an ongoing process Evaluation does not considered the last process at the end of training and development. It is too important to be treated in this cavalier fashion and it starts long before the end of a training programme. Its important is such that I contend that if you do not evaluate your training and development programs to the maximum extent to which you are allowed or are capable , then it is virtually useless to run the training , if you do not evaluate , apart from highly subjective and personal thoughts, you have no evidence of the success or otherwise of your training. At Nestle pre testing or pre knowledge measures of the learners existing skills and knowledge when it comes to recruit people who have missed their large part of elementary schooling , and in order to develop their skills special development programs are provided by the company. Rive -Reine international Training Center has brought together managers from around the world to learn from senior Nestle managers and from each other. This is a continues evaluation arrangement technique made by Nestle to have midterm evaluation by visiting by the Nestle managers. End of programme evaluation- at the end of the on the job training , employees at Nestle required to perform in a highly technical competencies with adopting to a new working practices. This success is not a measure only of an enjoyable training course that has achieved its objectives. Training is the process of changing people to a more effective state so that the business aspects of the organisation are improved. Training without business improvement is usually training for trainings sake. Evaluation is the process to its final and continued successful application in the workplace. Because of this evaluation over the whole training process, it must be considered early in the design and planning , and must start long before the training event. 3.3 key stakeholders in the evaluation process and discuss the different roles they play Senior management- the senior group must be involved in evaluation at the earliest stage and should be encouraged to be interested , rather than be considered as nuisances. They should State clearly and authoritatively the responsibilities for evaluation Require evaluation analyses and review these regularly The training manager- he performs a range of evaluation activities, principally control measures , including: The control of evaluation strategy and practice Assistance with practical evaluation measures, particularly, when a more neutral assessor than the trainer is needed Presentation of analytic results to senior management The trainer- trainers in spite of their considerable involvement in training itself, must be particularly involved in a large proportion of the evaluation. Their responsibilities include: Designing and implementing validation approaches Designing implementation evaluation measures and supporting these activities Supporting line managers in their briefing and debriefing roles as required The line manager- traditionally , line management has considered the responsibility for evaluation as the training department alone. But the line managers must have an input , if only because of their staff are involved in the training and there is a cost for the training services on their budgets. Ideally line managers should participate in: Evaluation design with the training department- essential as they are a significant party to whatever process is arranged. Pre-programme briefing sessions with their members of staff Post programme debriefing sessions with members of their staff The learner Last but not least, the learners must be involved as far as possible- they have to be relied on for reliable , accurate and honest reporting and comments 3.4 compare and contrast evaluation techniques available to nestle There are so many certain techniques could be used to evaluate the training programms Interviews Questionnaires Direct observation Written test Performance test and etc By activity observation One method of assessing the skill levels of the learners at the start of a training programme is the observation by the trainer of a relevant activity. the basic approach will be assess the skill performance of the learners against some form of pre- planned checklist or analytical instrument. Simply at nestle; on the job training method is used to develop the specific skills to operate more advanced equipment. Technical and behavioural processes are frequently combined for assessments at this early stage, more detailed observation taking place at later stage. when they employed the skills what ever they develop at the early stage. Structured follow up interviews The other main method of performing a medium and longer term evaluation is by follow up interview. Interviews are usually more expensive than questionnaires, particularly if the learners are located throughout the country, or internationally. This may be a difficult task of evaluating trainers at international level for Nestle since it is a multinational company Many of the cost problems can be avoided if the line manager conducts the interview rather than a remote trainer , but you must be assured that the line manager is not too close to the learner, and has the necessary skills to conduct effective interviews. Performance tests This is the most simplest and obvious method of evaluating . under this method the applicants are asked to demonstrate their ability to do the job. These tests are however, useful only for selecting experienced workers. These tests are aimed to find out whether the applicant can perform the job successfully by asking him to do it. this measure work and performance, and include cognitive and skill based learning. Nestle would adapt performance test method to evaluate their trainees , because the on the job training method provide in- house training to their employee while their at work. Apprenticeship programs provide training to young people three days a week at work and two at school. Formal training programs at Nestle generally designed to improve relevant skills and competencies. local training aimed to develop coaching skills of the managers. Performance tests include work sampling methods under which applicants are asked to demonstrate the necessary skills, which they possess by actually doing the tasks. And assessment specially designed to evaluate a candidates managerial potential , is administrated in assessment centres. here where applicants go through a serious of exercises and are appraised by line executives, practicing supervisors, and or trained psychologists. This can be used to evaluate the managers at nestle who act as coachers and mentors and provide continues training to the home grown employees and leaders who provide training at Rive -Reine International training center. 3.5 evaluation models based on each of their contribution There are various approaches for training evaluation Kirkpatrick model Kirkpatrick model is one of the evaluation model used by many companies to evaluate the training programs . the framework classify for levels of which consist , reaction, learning, behaviour, results. The first level reaction evaluate the trainees reaction to the programme. And the next level it measure the whether the trainee learn the principles, skills, and facts that the supervisor given to him, thirdly it look at the behaviour change occur on the job and finally the last level focus on the entire performance of the trainee after the training programme. and whether it has helped to achieve organisational objectives. Each level has its own pros and cons, still it the simple and the practical way of evaluating the training programs, IBM and ATT companies also used evaluation models similar to Kirkpatrick model. but this model is only suitable for the lower level of the management, but it is highly costly to implement this system to the higher managerial levels. http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQHMeF-0U7a0UQnSgOAdlRwT0kIaCfHsSo7nMxiqnKL43QeCUmZZg CIRO model The abbreviation for CIRO is- Context, Input, Reaction, Outcome. The context level The context level identify the performance needs or desired outcomes from the training and the knowledge and skills or attitude needed to change the behaviour of the trainee. Input level identify the resources to be used and training methods, so that the most suitable method will be chosen the reaction level measure the participants reaction and the satisfaction with the training programmes so that appropriate feedback and suggestion could be provided to improve the performance .the final outcome level will measure the results of the programme in terms of context requirement https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb0buWFt-Y5GERuEutXnWuXNl3WqMEp448grjxqNuLVQUxGhtg_Agw-xLhRkuEOdEPimIXqye-wqGYK6Q6boVcrPrdXoy6XETgOis_TlFE3CnTQ5NOsZEpoB8fHC3bnnP2lk3A_37RctI/s1600/Stages+of+Evaluvation.JPG This approach is similar to Kirkpatrick in a few aspects. The reaction level is similar to Kirkpatricks but here the focus has been shifted on getting suggestions from participants. Moreover, the Outcome level of CIRO model encompasses learning, behaviour and end results which are three individual levels in Kirkpatrick. CIRO Model is considered to be a softer approach to evaluation of training. By focusing on analysing the need for training and participants suggestion to improve training program, this model covers the shortcoming in Kirkpatricks model but then lacks the evaluation of impact of training on business. based on the above analysis we could see that CIRO model is suitable to Nestle since it measure the final outcome, the change in behaviour and the learning. Training and developing is the fundamental aspect of Nestle success.so it is important not only to provide training to the employees over the counter , but evaluating the performance, their learning abilities as well the main feature of CIRO model is to provide feedback and the suggestion to improve the employees performance, simply this is very essentials since, the Nestle managers act as mentors and coachers, so it a part of the managers to provide feedback to the trainees. Task 04 4.1 Influencing role of UK government in training and development and the growing emphasis on lifelong learning and continuous development. Government is emphasizing the importance of training and development as they aim to remove the barriers of employability of those that have fewer opportunities to do so. This is where the idea of life-long learning is becoming the main initiative of the government to create such opportunities to a wide-range of communities and backgrounds. The life-long learning aim is remove and combat social exclusions which will then help to promote employability and active citizenship amongst communities. The aim of life-long learning is to: Increase the demand for learning, using vocational learning to create a fun and stimulating learning process Develop world class training, to satisfy the UK and European domestic markets, and also to satisfy the needs of the economy Give people the opportunity to re-develop their skills, without having to continually take courses, but to simply update their current skills and knowledge. The basic education provided by schooling only provides a foundation for learning, however there are then gaps in the skills required for young people to development the skills that they are able to transfer into the workplace. This is also aimed at adult learners, whom have not been able to seek and sustain employment due to their gaps in skills. The life-long learning project aims to remove the barrier of the lack of skills and tries to help those that are not equipped for workplace environments to gain the confidence to do so. The encouragement to keep life-long learning an important part of someones life is being encouraged by the governments continuous investment in education and training; not just for young people but also for adults with no basic skills which are needed in the workplace. Strategies to encourage lifelong learning: Skills for life priority group: the priority group includes the unemployed, prisoners and those supervised in the community, low-skilled employees and others at risk including: Gypsy/travellers homeless people refugees asylum seekers drug users Literacy help is also available t